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Par uspeak le 7 Octobre 2009 à 00:50
Base indispensable du bien parlé. C'est lui qui donne le rythme la cadence.
On peut donc marquer l'accent tonique de deux manières : Soit en "tapant'' sur la voyelle, soit en étirant sa durée.
NB; le petit trait indique l'endroit où il faut marquer l'accent tonique. (Parfois vous trouverez un lien audio pour la prononciation...)
Voici un lien pour un dictionnaire "parlant". Tapez votre mot ou phrase dans la fenêtre de recherche et boom! (En plus vous avez toute une liste de mots similaires.) http://www.howjsay.com/
Secretary Receives Visitor Appointment Unfortunately Suppose Attending Assistant Discuss Postponed Supplier Certainly Definite Private Manager Furniture Arranged Correct Cancel Previous Successful Applicant European Perspiration Basic Candidates Responsibility Excellent Contributor Career Inspector Advertise Honesty Technically Cosmetics Thoroughly Consider Interview Sincerely Demonstrator Personal Dossier Adequate To Organize To assign Area Period To manufacture Utensils Considering Developing Automatically Attitudes Regularly Urban Equipped Electricity Precisely Analysis Statistics Geographical Sophisticated Campaign Satisfactory To underestimate Demand Distributor Advertising Agency Comment Appreciation Wholesaler Warehousing Facilities Cooperative Purchases Labeling Disclosure Pressure Increasingly Representative Majority Dependent Customer Extremely Catalogue To experiment Competition Appliance Status Approached Attractive Arrangements Agreement Quarterly Assessed Overall Unexpected Reluctance Anticipate Reconsidering Exclusive Resume Encourage Bonuses Incentive Consignment Direct Installment Especially Deposit Quotation To adjust Preserve Adjustable Damage Sweater Depleted Foreign Rescheduling Priority Notify Consular Criteria Recurring Expenses Resident Complete Branches Insufficient Remind Overdraw Withdrawal Immediately Damaged Ambulance Official Incident Memorandum To testify Motorist Insurance Theoretically Policy Though Premium Material Carriage Vegetable Genuine Schedule Chartered Refrigerator Ability Pharmaceuticals Canals Envelope Telegraphic Poundage To contribute Liable Category Financial Managing Director Accountant Certified Stockholder Registered Report Proceedings Investor Government Secure Economic Recovery Constitutes Define Community Authority Investigate Separate Punishment Prescribed Agreement Method Accuracy Compromise Phenomenon Renewal Obsolete Securities Receivable Inventory Engineer Micro Computerizing Separately Processor Vicious Education Library Optimize Associate Sociologists Completion Research Techniques Standardization Tremendous Industrialist Monotonous Independence Leakage Luxury Chemical Facilitate abnormally Artificial Emphasized Competitor Calculator Message Japanese To eliminate Energy Crisis Controversy Indicators Strategies Discipline Legal Hatred Escalator Suspicious Depleted Deleted Mendacity Communication Theoretically Traitor Trader Stadium Conspicuous Considerations Conservator Communication
Pour devenir un super expert sur ce sujet cliquez sur ce lien : http://repositories.cdlib.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1005&context=ucsdling
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Par uspeak le 9 Janvier 2009 à 00:50
Rules of Word Stress in English<o:p></o:p>
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Word Stress definition :<o:p></o:p>
- A multi-syllable word has a prominent syllable. This is called a stressed syllable. <o:p></o:p>
- Stressed syllable is longer in duration, higher in pitch, and louder in volume.<o:p></o:p>
- Duration is the primary attribute to the prominence of a syllable.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
- There are two very simple rules about word stress:<o:p></o:p>
1.One word has only one stress. (One word cannot have two stresses. If you hear two stresses, you hear two words. Two stresses cannot be one word. It is true that there can be a "secondary" stress in some words. But a secondary stress is much smaller than the main [primary] stress, and is only used in long words.)<o:p></o:p>
2. We can only stress vowels, not consonants.<o:p></o:p>
Here are some more, rather complicated, rules that can help you understand where to put the stress. But do not rely on them too much, because there are many exceptions. It is better to try to "feel" the music of the language and to add the stress naturally.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
1 Stress on first syllable<o:p></o:p>
rule<o:p></o:p>
example<o:p></o:p>
Most 2-syllable nouns<o:p></o:p>
PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble<o:p></o:p>
Most 2-syllable adjectives<o:p></o:p>
PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
2 Stress on last syllable<o:p></o:p>
rule<o:p></o:p>
example<o:p></o:p>
Most 2-syllable verbs<o:p></o:p>
to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN<o:p></o:p>
There are many two-syllable words in English whose meaning and class change with a change in stress. The word present, for example is a two-syllable word. If we stress the first syllable, it is a noun (gift) or an adjective (opposite of absent). But if we stress the second syllable, it becomes a verb (to offer). More examples: the words export, import, contract and object can all be nouns or verbs depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllable.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
3 Stress on penultimate syllable (penultimate = second from end)<o:p></o:p>
rule<o:p></o:p>
example<o:p></o:p>
Words ending in -ic<o:p></o:p>
GRAPHic, geoGRAPHic, geoLOGic<o:p></o:p>
Words ending in -sion and -tion<o:p></o:p>
teleVIsion, reveLAtion<o:p></o:p>
For a few words, native English speakers don't always "agree" on where to put the stress. For example, some people say teleVIsion and others say TELevision. Another example is: CONtroversy and conTROversy.<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
4 Stress on ante-penultimate syllable (ante-penultimate = third from end)<o:p></o:p>
rule<o:p></o:p>
example<o:p></o:p>
Words ending in -cy, -ty, -phy and -gy<o:p></o:p>
deMOcracy, dependaBIlity, phoTOgraphy, geOLogy<o:p></o:p>
Words ending in -al<o:p></o:p>
CRItical, geoLOGical<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
5 Compound words (words with two parts)<o:p></o:p>
rule<o:p></o:p>
example<o:p></o:p>
For compound nouns, the stress is on the first part<o:p></o:p>
BLACKbird, GREENhouse<o:p></o:p>
For compound adjectives, the stress is on the second part<o:p></o:p>
bad-TEMpered, old-FASHioned<o:p></o:p>
For compound verbs, the stress is on the second part<o:p></o:p>
to underSTAND, to overFLOW<o:p></o:p>
Now check your understanding >
Related pages : http://www2.nkfust.edu.tw/~emchen/Pron/stress.htm<o:p></o:p>
http://esl.about.com/od/speakingenglish/a/8wspatterns.htm<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>Phonics, Syllable and Accent Rules<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
<o:p></o:p>
Phonics Rules <o:p></o:p>
The vowels are "a,e,i,o, and u"; also sometimes "y" & "w". This also includes the diphthongs "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others.
The consonants are all the other letters which stop or limit the flow of air from the throat in speech. They are: "b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,p,qu,r,s,t,v,w,x,y,z,ch,sh,th,ph,wh, ng, and gh". <o:p></o:p>
1. Sometimes the rules don't work.
There are many exceptions in English because of the vastness of the language and the many languages from which it has borrowed. The rules do work however, in the majority of the words.
2. Every syllable in every word must have a vowel.
English is a "vocal" language; Every word must have a vowel.
3. "C" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "s". Examples: "cyst", "central", and "city".
4. "G" followed by "e, i or y" usually has the soft sound of "j". Example: "gem", "gym", and "gist".
5. When 2 consonants are joined together and form one new sound, they are a consonant digraph. They count as one sound and one letter and are never separated. Examples: "ch,sh,th,ph and wh".
6. When a syllable ends in a consonant and has only one vowel, that vowel is short. Examples: "fat, bed, fish, spot, luck".
7. When a syllable ends in a silent "e", the silent "e" is a signal that the vowel in front of it is long. Examples: "make, gene, kite, rope, and use".
8. When a syllable has 2 vowels together, the first vowel is usually long and the second is silent. Examples: "pain, eat, boat, res/cue, say, grow". <o:p></o:p>NOTE: Diphthongs don't follow this rule; In a diphthong, the vowels blend together to create a single new sound. The diphthongs are: "oi,oy,ou,ow,au,aw, oo" and many others.
9. When a syllable ends in any vowel and is the only vowel, that vowel is usually long. Examples: "pa/per, me, I, o/pen, u/nit, and my".
10. When a vowel is followed by an "r" in the same syllable, that vowel is "r-controlled". It is not long nor short. "R-controlled "er,ir,and ur" often sound the same (like "er"). Examples: "term, sir, fir, fur, far, for, su/gar, or/der". <o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p>
Basic Syllable Rules<o:p></o:p>
1. To find the number of syllables:
---count the vowels in the word,
---subtract any silent vowels, (like the silent "e" at the end of a word or the second vowel when two vowels a together in a syllable)
---subtract one vowel from every diphthong, (diphthongs only count as one vowel sound.)
---the number of vowels sounds left is the same as the number of syllables.
The number of syllables that you hear when you pronounce a word is the same as the number of vowels sounds heard. For example:
The word "came" has 2 vowels, but the "e" is silent, leaving one vowel sound andone syllable.
The word "outside" has 4 vowels, but the "e" is silent and the "ou" is a diphthong which counts as only one sound, so this word has only two vowels sounds and therefore, two syllables.
2. Divide between two middle consonants.
Split up words that have two middle consonants. For example:
hap/pen, bas/ket, let/ter, sup/per, din/ner, and Den/nis. The only exceptions are the consonant digraphs. Never split up consonant digraphs as they really represent only one sound. The exceptions are "th", "sh", "ph", "th", "ch", and "wh".
3. Usually divide before a single middle consonant.
When there is only one syllable, you usually divide in front of it, as in:
"o/pen", "i/tem", "e/vil", and "re/port". The only exceptions are those times when the first syllable has an obvious short sound, as in "cab/in".
4. Divide before the consonant before an "-le" syllable.
When you have a word that has the old-style spelling in which the "-le" sounds like "-el", divide before the consonant before the "-le". For example: "a/ble", "fum/ble", "rub/ble" "mum/ble" and "this/tle". The only exception to this are "ckle" words like "tick/le".
5. Divide off any compound words, prefixes, suffixes and roots which have vowel sounds.
Split off the parts of compound words like "sports/car" and "house/boat". Divide off prefixes such at "un/happy", "pre/paid", or "re/write". Also divide off suffixes as in the words "farm/er", "teach/er", "hope/less" and "care/ful". In the word "stop/ping", the suffix is actually "-ping" because this word follows the rule that when you add "-ing" to a word with one syllable, you double the last consonant and add the "-ing". <o:p></o:p>Accent Rules<o:p></o:p>
When a word has more than one syllable, one of the syllables is always a little louder than the others. The syllable with the louder stress is the accented syllable. It may seem that the placement of accents in words is often random or accidental, but these are some rules that usually work.
1. Accents are often on the first syllable. Examples: ba'/sic, pro'/gram.
2. In words that have suffixes or prefixes, the accent is usually on the main root word. Examples: box'/es, un/tie'.
3. If de-, re-, ex-, in-,po-, pro-, or a- is the first syllable in a word, it is usually not accented. Examples: de/lay', ex/plore'.
4. Two vowel letters together in the last syllable of a word often indicates an accented last syllable. Examples: com/plain', con/ceal'.
5. When there are two like consonant letters within a word, the syllable before the double consonants is usually accented. Examples: be/gin'/ner, let'/ter.
6. The accent is usually on the syllable before the suffixes -ion, ity, -ic, -ical, -ian, -ial, or -ious, and on the second syllable before the suffix -ate. Examples: af/fec/ta'/tion, dif/fer/en'/ti/ate.
7. In words of three or more syllables, one of the first two syllables is usually accented. Examples: ac'/ci/dent, de/ter'/mine.
<o:p></o:p><o:p></o:p>
Voici un lien pour apprendre l'alphabet avec une chanson sur un air de Mozart
http://kids.niehs.nih.gov/<wbr></wbr>lyrics/alphabet.htm
The home page : http://evaeaston.com/pr/home.<wbr></wbr>html
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