c English tenses

Ici vous pouvez étudier la conjugaison anglaise. J'ai mis ce chapitre de la grammaire anglaise à part car il est important de bien comprendre en détail les régles qui s'appliquent à la conjugaison.                                      A la fin de cette page vous trouverez des tableaux qui resument les régles de la conjugaison, n'hésitez pas à les imprimer afin de vous aidez lorsque vous faites les exercices de conjugaisons qui sont le meilleur moyen de vous assurer d'avoir bien compris les régles de conjugaisons.

NB: N'oubliez pas de bien étudier les verbs irréguliers dont voici la liste : http://www.usingenglish.com/reference/irregular-verbs/

                   Tense of Verbs <o:p></o:p>

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The word tense comes from the Latin word, tempus, which means "time." The tense of a verb shows the time when an action or condition occurred. In English the tense also may provide emphasis and may determine whether or not an action or condition was continuous or repetitive. <o:p></o:p>

Tense is used to show the relation between the action or state described by the verb and the time, which is reflected in the form of the verb. There are two basic tenses in English; the present tense and the past tense. The present is like the base form, although the third person singular adds -s. Regular verbs add -ed or -d to show the past tense, while irregular verbs change in many different ways, or not at all in some cases.<o:p></o:p>

There are fourteen tenses in modern English. In English the fourteen verb tenses express the time or relative time in which an action or condition occurs<o:p></o:p>

There are three basic tenses: past, present, and future. They show whether a simple action or condition occurred, occurs, or will occur in the past, present, or future. <o:p></o:p>

There are three perfect tenses: past perfect, present perfect, and future perfect. They show whether an action or condition had occurred relative to the past, has occurred relative to the present, or will have occurred relative to the future. <o:p></o:p>

There are six progressive tenses: past progressive, present progressive, future progressive, past perfect progressive, present perfect progressive, and future perfect progressive. They show a continuous action or condition that was occurring in the past, is occurring in the present, will be occurring in the future, had been occurring relative to the past, has been occurring relative to the present, or will have been occurring relative to the future. <o:p></o:p>

There are two emphatic tenses: past emphatic and present emphatic. They provide emphasis especially in questions and negatives for actions or conditions that did occur in the past or that do occur in the present. <o:p></o:p>

Some authorities consider verbs formed with the conditional auxiliary verbs as one or several conditional tenses to show actions that could occur, might occur, should occur, would occur, could have occurred, might have occurred, should have occurred, and would have occurred. They also can refer to something that has happened in the past after the main action (a "future past"). Other authorities consider could, might, should, and would as simply the past or perfect forms of the verbs can, may, shall, and will. <o:p></o:p>

Conditional: I wish she would answer me.
Past Tense: Little did he realize that in twenty years he would be president.<o:p></o:p>

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• Am, Are & Is (15)<o:p></o:p>
• Auxiliary Verbs (15)<o:p></o:p>
• Don't & Doesn't (10)<o:p></o:p>
• Have or Has (18)<o:p></o:p>
• Imperatives (10)<o:p></o:p>
• Need & Needn't (10)<o:p></o:p>
• She's = is or has? (11)<o:p></o:p>
• Simple or Progressive? (10)<o:p></o:p>
• There is or There are (15)<o:p></o:p>
• Was or Were (16)<o:p></o:p>
• Will or Would (10)<o:p></o:p>

• Causative (21)<o:p></o:p>
• Needn't & Don't Need (8)<o:p></o:p>

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                                   Basic Tenses <o:p></o:p>

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The basic or simple tenses are the three tenses which are the simplest in the English language--past, present, future, without any other condition or character. <o:p></o:p>

The basic present tense uses the same verb as the verb part of the infinitive. In the third person singular an -s or -es is added. There are a number of irregular verbs, but they all have an s or z sound at the end of the third person singular. <o:p></o:p>

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The simple present expresses an action in the present taking place once, never or several times. It is also used for actions that take place one after another and for actions that are set by a timetable or schedule. The simple present also expresses facts in the present.<o:p></o:p>

i/ Actions that are repeated or habitual            ii/ States          iii/ Statements that are always true<o:p></o:p>

Examples:      a) I get up at 9.00 am.       b) I like coffee.        c) The sun sets in the west.<o:p></o:p>

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The form of the verb is usually the same as the base form, but the third person singular adds -s. Some verbs change, like 'to be', which uses 'am', 'are' and 'is', and 'to have', where the third person is 'has'. The auxiliary verb 'to do' is used in a negative structure or a question:<o:p></o:p>

Do you like tea?                     Does she live nearby?                I don't like them.<o:p></o:p>

She doesn't go to the theatre very often.<o:p></o:p>

The third person returns to the base form when 'does' or 'doesn't' are used.<o:p></o:p>

• Present Perfect (11)<o:p></o:p>
• Present Perfect Simple & Progressive (21)<o:p></o:p>
• Present Perfect- Word Order (10)<o:p></o:p>

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The basic past tense is a single word. Usually a -d or -ed is added to the root verb to put it in the past. However, there are many irregular verbs. All persons, singular and plural are the same except for the verb to be in which all persons are were but first and third person singular are was.<o:p></o:p>

The Past Simple tense, also called the Simple Past, is used for past actions that happened either at a specific time, which can either be given by a time phrase (yesterday, last year, etc.) or understood from the context. Regular Verbs add -ed to the base form, or -d if the verbs ends with -e. Irregular verbs can change in many different ways. The verb form is the same for all persons:<o:p></o:p>

I liked, you liked, she/he/it liked, we liked, they liked.<o:p></o:p>

NOTE: After the auxiliary verb, Did/Didn't, it returns to the base form:<o:p></o:p>

Did you take it?          She didn't like it. <o:p></o:p>

The simple past expresses an action in the past taking place once, never, several times. It can also be used for actions taking place one after another or in the middle of another action.<o:p></o:p>

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Form of Simple Past

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For irregular verbs, use the past form (see list of irregular verbs, 2nd column). For regular verbs, just add “ed”.<o:p></o:p>

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Use of Simple Past

action in the past taking place once, never or several times:  He visited his parents every weekend.<o:p></o:p>

actions in the past taking place one after the other:   He came in, took off his coat and sat down.<o:p></o:p>

action in the past taking place in the middle of another action : When I was having breakfast, the                                                                                               phone suddenly rang.<o:p></o:p>

if sentences type II (If I talked, …) : If I had a lot of money, I would share it with you.<o:p></o:p>

• Past Simple & Present Perfect (52)<o:p></o:p>
• Past Simple or Past Perfect? (10)
• Past Simple, Progressive Perfect (13)

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The future tense is formed by adding the present form to the auxiliary verb will or shall. All persons, singular and plural, are the same. <o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Future I Simple with will<o:p></o:p>

Will future expresses a spontaneous decision, an assumption with regard to the future or an action in the future that cannot be influenced.<o:p></o:p>

Form of will Future

Use of will Future

• a spontaneous decision :  Wait, I will help you.<o:p></o:p>
• an opinion, hope, uncertainty or assumption regarding the future:  He will probably come back tomorrow.<o:p></o:p>
• a promise :  I will not watch TV tonight.<o:p></o:p>
• an action in the future that cannot be influenced :  It will rain tomorrow.<o:p></o:p>
• conditional clauses type I :   If I arrive late, I will call you.<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words

• in a year, next …, tomorrow<o:p></o:p>
•  I think, probably, we might …, perhaps<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on will Future

• positive sentences in will Future<o:p></o:p>
• negative sentences in will Future<o:p></o:p>
• questions in will Future<o:p></o:p>
• mixed exercise in will Future<o:p></o:p>

Tests

• Future I Simple will: Level 1 • Level 2 • Level 3<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Future I Simple with going to<o:p></o:p>

Going to future expresses a conclusion regarding the immediate future or an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared.<o:p></o:p>

Form of going to Future

Use of going to Future

• an action in the near future that has already been planned or prepared <o:p></o:p>

example: I am going to study harder next year.<o:p></o:p>

• a conclusion regarding the immediate future <o:p></o:p>

example: The sky is absolutely dark. It is going to rain.<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words

• in one year, next week, tomorrow<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on going to Future

• form of going tofuture<o:p></o:p>
• positive sentences in going to future<o:p></o:p>
• negative sentences in going to future<o:p></o:p>
• question in going to future<o:p></o:p>
• mixed exercise in going to future<o:p></o:p>

Tests

• Future I Simple going to: Level 1 • Level 2 • Level 3<o:p></o:p>

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Future II Simple expresses an action that will be finished at a certain time in the future.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He will have talked.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He will not have talked.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Will he have talked?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that will be finished at a certain time in the future<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words

• by Monday, in a week<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on future II simple

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Present Simple (16)

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• Futures (11)<o:p></o:p>
• Will & Going to (10)<o:p></o:p>

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                 Progressive Tenses <o:p></o:p>

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The progressive tenses are the six tenses in English which show continuous or repeated actions. Sometimes the past progressive is called the imperfect. <o:p></o:p>

The six progressive tenses correspond to the three basic and three perfect tenses. They are formed by the appropriate basic or perfect tense of the verb to be followed by the present participle. <o:p></o:p>

Present Progressive: I am coming. <o:p></o:p>

Past Progressive: I was coming. <o:p></o:p>

Future Progressive: I will be coming. <o:p></o:p>

Present Perfect Progressive: I have been coming. <o:p></o:p>

Past Perfect Progressive: I had been coming. <o:p></o:p>

        Future Perfect Progressive: I will have been coming.<o:p></o:p>

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The Present Progressive is used for actions that have begun but not finished. It can also be used to talk about future arrangements.<o:p></o:p>

 The present progressive is used for actions going on in the moment of speaking and for actions taking place only for a short period of time. It is also used to express development and actions that are arranged for the near future.<o:p></o:p>

• Simple Present of 'to be' + -ING<o:p></o:p>

Use a form of to be and the infinite verb plus -ing.<o:p></o:p>

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Use:<o:p></o:p>

• am with the personal pronoun I<o:p></o:p>
• is with the personal pronouns he, she or it (or the singular form of nouns)<o:p></o:p>
• are with the personal pronouns you, we, they (or the plural form of nouns)<o:p></o:p>

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In negative sentences, we put not between the form of be and the verb.<o:p></o:p>

In questions, we simply swop the places of subject and the form of be.<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on the formation

Exercise on affirmative sentences

Exercise on negative sentences

Exercise on questions

Exercise on questions with interrogative particles

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The past progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past.<o:p></o:p>

Form

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Use of Past Progressive

• puts emphasis on the course of an action in the past <o:p></o:p>

Example: He was playing football.<o:p></o:p>

• two actions happening at the same time (in the past) <o:p></o:p>

Example: While she was preparing dinner, he was washing the dishes.<o:p></o:p>

• action going on at a certain time in the past <o:p></o:p>

Example: When I was having breakfast, the phone suddenly rang.<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words of Past Progressive

• when, while, as long as<o:p></o:p>

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Future I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action taking place in the future.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He will be talking.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He will not be talking.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Will he be talking?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that is going on at a certain time in the future<o:p></o:p>
• action that is sure to happen in the near future<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words

• in one year, next week, tomorrow<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on future I progressive<o:p></o:p>

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Future II progressive puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action taking place before a certain time in the future. It can also be used to express an assumption regarding a future action.<o:p></o:p>

Future II progressive is not used very often as it can usually be replaced by future II simple.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He will have been talking.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He will not have been talking.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Will he have been talking?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action taking place before a certain time in the future<o:p></o:p>
• puts emphasis on the course of an action<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words

• for ..., the last couple of hours, all day long<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on future II progressive

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The Present Perfect Progressive is used to emphasise the duration of a recent past activity. It can also be used for actions that began in the past and are still going on now.<o:p></o:p>

• HAVE + BEEN + Present Participle<o:p></o:p>

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Exercises on Present Perfect Progressive<o:p></o:p>

The present perfect progressive expresses an action that recently stopped or is still going on. It puts emphasis on the duration or course of the action.<o:p></o:p>

Form of Present Perfect Progressive

Use of Present Perfect Progressive

• puts emphasis on the duration or course of an action (not the result) <o:p></o:p>

Example: She has been writing for two hours.<o:p></o:p>

• action that recently stopped or is still going on <o:p></o:p>

Example: I have been living here since 2001.<o:p></o:p>

• finished action that influenced the present <o:p></o:p>

Example: I have been working all afternoon.<o:p></o:p>

Signal Words of Present Perfect Progressive

• all day, for 4 years, since 1993, how long?, the whole week<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Present Perfect Progressive

• Exceptions in Spelling when Adding “ing”<o:p></o:p>
• “Have” or “Has”?<o:p></o:p>
• “Since” or “For”?<o:p></o:p>
• Positive Sentences
• Negative Sentences
• Questions
• Mixed exercise on Present Perfect Progressive<o:p></o:p>

Tests on Present Perfect Progressive

• Present Perfect Progressive: Level 2 • Level 3<o:p></o:p>

Comparison with other Tenses

• Simple Present – Present Perfect Progressive
• Present Perfect Simple – Present Perfect Progressive

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The Past Perfect Progressive is used for actions that were unfinished when another action, etc, took place:<o:p></o:p>

I had been living there for years before I got married. <o:p></o:p>

• HAD + BEEN + ING<o:p></o:p>

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The Future Progressive is used for actions that will be unfinished at a certain time in the future, or for things that will happen in the normal course of events, rather than being part of your plans and intentions.<o:p></o:p>

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Some books use the term Future Progressive, and others use Future Continuous. <o:p></o:p>

• WILL + BE + -ING<o:p></o:p>

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·  Present Simple & Progressive- 2 (19)<o:p></o:p>

·  Present Simple or Progressive (16)<o:p></o:p>

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• Phrasal Verbs - Bring (11)<o:p></o:p>
• Phrasal Verbs - Check (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Come (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Cut (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Do (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Draw (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Fall (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Find (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Get (23)
• Phrasal Verbs - Give (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Go (18)
• Phrasal Verbs - Hand (12)
• Phrasal Verbs - Let (14)
• Phrasal Verbs - Listen (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Lock (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Look (20)
• Phrasal Verbs - Make (18)
• Phrasal Verbs - Pay (13)
• Phrasal Verbs - Put (13)
• Phrasal Verbs - Run (13)
• Phrasal Verbs - See (14)
• Phrasal Verbs - Set (15)
• Phrasal Verbs - Sign (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Sit (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Speak (13)
• Phrasal Verbs - Stand (14)
• Phrasal Verbs - Take (22)
• Phrasal Verbs - Talk (12)
• Phrasal Verbs - Try (11)
• Phrasal Verbs - Wait (10)
• Phrasal Verbs - Work (13)
• Phrasal Verbs - Write (12)

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                   Perfect Tenses

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The three perfect tenses in English are the three verb tenses which show action already completed. (The word perfect literally means "made complete" or "completely done.") <o:p></o:p>

They are formed by the appropriate tense of the verb to have plus the past participle of the verb. <o:p></o:p>

Present Perfect: I have seen it.
(Present tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the present.) <o:p></o:p>

Past Perfect: I had seen it.
(Past tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the past.) <o:p></o:p>

Future Perfect: I will have seen it.
(Future tense of to have plus participle. Action is completed with respect to the future.) <o:p></o:p>

Some authorities consider the passive voice of certain verbs that are always intransitive to be the perfect tense also. <o:p></o:p>

Example: They are gone. <o:p></o:p>

Example: He is risen. <o:p></o:p>

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For actions that happened before related past events or times.<o:p></o:p>

eg: When she arrived, all the tickets had gone.<o:p></o:p>

eg: I'd never heard of it until last week.<o:p></o:p>

This used to be the pluperfect, but the term is not used nowadays.<o:p></o:p>

• 'HAD' + Past Participle<o:p></o:p>

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1/ For actions to be completed before a specific future time, but the exact time is unimportant.<o:p></o:p>

eg: She'll have finished it by next week.<o:p></o:p>

2/ When making assumptions about actions that are finished now.<o:p></o:p>

eg: It's OK to phone because he'll have got home by now.<o:p></o:p>

• WILL HAVE + Past Participle<o:p></o:p>

The future perfect progressive is used used for actions that will be unfinished, but have reached a certain stage: <o:p></o:p>

This time next month, I'll have been living here for three years.<o:p></o:p>

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Some books use the term Future Perfect Progressive, and others use Future Perfect Continous.<o:p></o:p>

• WILL + HAVE + BEEN + Present Participle<o:p></o:p>

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                                              Conditionals

The conditionals are used to talk about possible or imaginary situations. Follow the links below for further information: <o:p></o:p>

1/ 1st Conditional   If + Present Simple, + Will<o:p></o:p>

2/ 2nd Conditional  If + Past Simple, + Would + Base Form<o:p></o:p>

3/ 3rd Conditional    If + Past Perfect, + Would have + Past Participle<o:p></o:p>

4/ Zero Conditional    If + Present Simple, + Present Simple<o:p></o:p>

5/ Mixed Conditionals<o:p></o:p>

6/ Other Conditionals<o:p></o:p>

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Apodosis is a term for the main clause in a conditional sentence:<o:p></o:p>

If you tried it, you'd probably love it.<o:p></o:p>

The apodosis is you'd probably love it and if you tried it is the protasis (if clause).<o:p></o:p>

Protasis is a term for the if clause in a conditional sentence:<o:p></o:p>

If you go there, you'll enjoy it.<o:p></o:p>

If you go there is the protasis and you'll enjoy it is the apodosis.<o:p></o:p>

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  The conditional I simple expresses an action that might take place.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He would talk.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He would not talk.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Would he talk?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that might take place<o:p></o:p>
• if clause type II (If I were you, I would go home.)<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on conditional I simple

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The first conditional (or 1st Conditional) is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. <o:p></o:p>

eg: If he gets here soon, I'll speak to him about it. (The speaker believes that there is a reasonable or good chance of seeing him.)<o:p></o:p>

• If + Present Simple, + Will<o:p></o:p>

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1/ For future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is only a small possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. <o:p></o:p>

eg: If I won the lottery, I would stop working.<o:p></o:p>

2/ For imaginary present actions, where the conditions for the action are NOT satisfied.<o:p></o:p>

eg: If you phoned home more often, they wouldn't worry about you. (The conditions are not satisfied because the person does not phone home, so they do worry.)<o:p></o:p>

TO BE: In Standard English this verb can take the 'were' form for all persons in the If clause.<o:p></o:p>

eg: If I were you, I'd tell her.<o:p></o:p>

CONTRACTIONS: 'Would' and 'had' are contracted to 'd; the way to distinguish them is simple because 'would' is always followed by a Base Form and 'had', as an Auxiliary Verb, is followed by a Past Participle.<o:p></o:p>

eg: I'd tell her. 'Tell' is the Base Form so it means 'I would tell her'<o:p></o:p>

I'd done it. 'Done' is the Past Participle so it means 'I had done it'<o:p></o:p>

• If + Past Simple, + Would + Base Form<o:p></o:p>

•  <o:p></o:p>

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  The conditional I progressive puts emphasis on the course of an action that might take place.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He would be talking.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He would not be talking.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Would he be talking?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that might take place<o:p></o:p>
• puts emphasis on the course of an action<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on conditional I progressive

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The first conditional (or 1st Conditional) is for future actions dependent on the result of another future action or event, where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied. <o:p></o:p>

eg: If he gets here soon, I'll speak to him about it. (The speaker believes that there is a reasonable or good chance of seeing him.)<o:p></o:p>

If + Present Simple, + Will<o:p></o:p>

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The conditional II simple expresses an action that could have taken place in the past.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He would have talked.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He would not have talked.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Would he have talked?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that could have taken place in the past<o:p></o:p>
• if causes type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.)<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on conditional II simple<o:p></o:p>

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Conditional II Progressive puts emphasis on the duration of an action that could have taken place in the past.<o:p></o:p>

Form

• A: He would have been talking.<o:p></o:p>
• N: He would not have been talking.<o:p></o:p>
• Q: Would he have been talking?<o:p></o:p>

Use

• action that could have taken place in the past<o:p></o:p>
• puts emphasis on the course / duration of an action<o:p></o:p>

Exercise on conditional II progressive

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1/ For imaginary past actions, where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied. <o:p></o:p>

eg: If you'd been there, you would've seen it. (The conditions were not met because the person was not there and as a result did not see it.)<o:p></o:p>

• If + Past Perfect, + Would have + Past Participle<o:p></o:p>

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The Zero Conditional is used for actions that are always true when the conditions are satisfied. <o:p></o:p>

EG: If you put sugar in coffee, it tastes sweet.<o:p></o:p>

• If + Present Simple, + Present Simple<o:p></o:p>

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If + Past Perfect, + Would + Base Form<o:p></o:p>

1/ For imaginary present actions or situations that are not possible because the necessary conditions were not met in the past. eg: If you had taken the course, you would know about it. (The conditions were not met because the person did not do the course and as a result does not know about it now.)<o:p></o:p>

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If + Past Simple, + Would have + Past Participle<o:p></o:p>

1/ To avoid the illogicality of saying 'If I had been you', which means that I was not you on that occasion, but could be in the future, which is, of course, impossible.<o:p></o:p>

eg:If I were you, I wouldn't have done that.<o:p></o:p>

2/ Where the first part is still true:<o:p></o:p>

eg:If I could speak Spanish, I wouldn't have needed to get the letter translated.<o:p></o:p>

This means that I couldn't speak Spanish then when I needed the translator and still can't.<o:p></o:p>

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When trying to convince someone that you will do something in return for their doing something.<o:p></o:p>

EG: If you'll walk the dog, I'll do the dinner.<o:p></o:p>

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To be very polite, especially in writing:<o:p></o:p>

EG: I would be very grateful if you would be so kind as to send me the forms as soon as possible.<o:p></o:p>

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Imperatives are verbs used to give orders, commands and instructions. The form used is usually the same as the base form. It is one of the three moods of an English verb. Imperatives should be used carefully in English; to give firm orders or commands, but not as much when trying to be polite or show respect to the other person. <o:p></o:p>

EG: Give me that tape, please.<o:p></o:p>

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Exercices /

http://www.anglaisfacile.com/free/news/0gimperative.htm

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Subjunctive is rather insignificant in modern English. Most likely you might come across this form in American English, and most probably in formal texts.<o:p></o:p>

Form

In most cases, subjunctive and indicative forms of a verb are the same. So often you would not notice whether a verb is used in subjunctive or indicative mood. The only indicator for subjunctive is that no ‘s’ is added in 3rd person singular and that the verb ‘be’ remains ‘be’ for all forms in present tense and becomes ‘were’ for all forms in past tense.<o:p></o:p>

Use

Subjunctive is used in some fixed phrases (formulaic subjunctive).<o:p></o:p>

• God save the Queen!<o:p></o:p>
• Long live the King!<o:p></o:p>
• Thy will be done.<o:p></o:p>
• Be that as it may.<o:p></o:p>

Certain verbs (e.g. demand, insist, recommend, suggest) and adjectives (e.g. essential, important, vital) are followed by ‘that’ + subjunctive (mandative subjunctive) to indicate that something must be done (directive aspect).<o:p></o:p>

• People demand that the troops be withdrawn.<o:p></o:p>
• It is important that everyone register.<o:p></o:p>

Sentences in subjunctive sound very formal, however, so often an auxiliary is preferred. If the directive aspect of the sentence is clear enough without an auxiliary, it is also possible to simply use the main verb in indicative mood.<o:p></o:p>

• People demand that the troops are / should be withdrawn.<o:p></o:p>
• It is important that everyone registers.<o:p></o:p>

But: Note the difference of subjunctive and indicative in the following example.<o:p></o:p>

• She insisted that he be present. = She wanted him to be there. (directive aspect; subjunctive)<o:p></o:p>
• She insisted that he was present. = She knew that he really was there. (observation; indicative)<o:p></o:p>

In the example above, you can also see that mandative subjunctive is always used in infinitive, even if we talk about a situation in the past. Note that in negative sentences, the auxiliary ‘do’ is not used for subjunctive mood.<o:p></o:p>

• She insisted that he not be present.<o:p></o:p>

For wishes and hopes that cannot be fulfilled (volitional subjunctive), subjunctive is used in past tense. For all verbs (except ‚be‘) past tense in subjunctive mood is the same as in indicative mood.<o:p></o:p>

• I wish, I had a million dollar.<o:p></o:p>

Past tense, subjunctive mood for ‘be’ is ‘were’.<o:p></o:p>

• I wish, I were a millionaire.<o:p></o:p>

You probably know this form from Conditional Sentences Type II.<o:p></o:p>

• If I were you, …<o:p></o:p>

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                       Participles<o:p></o:p>

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Exercises on Participles

There are three kinds of participles in English: present participle, past participle and perfect participle. You probably know the first two from certain tenses and adjective forms. Apart from that, participles are also used to shorten sentences.<o:p></o:p>

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A Present Participle is used with the verb 'To Be' to indicate an action that is incomplete:<o:p></o:p>

 The present participle is the ing-form. You surely know this form:<o:p></o:p>

from progressive / continuous tenses (e. g. Present Progressive) – I am speaking.<o:p></o:p>

Eg: I am reading / I was reading<o:p></o:p>

• Present Participles can also be used as an adjective; an interesting story, a fascinating woman, etc.<o:p></o:p>
•  as an adjective form – The film is interesting.<o:p></o:p>
• as a gerund – He is afraid of flying.<o:p></o:p>

Not the exceptions in spelling when adding 'ing':<o:p></o:p>

The present participle can be used to describe the following verbs:<o:p></o:p>

come, go, sit<o:p></o:p>

Example: The girl sat crying on the sofa.<o:p></o:p>

The present participle can also be used after verbs of the senses if we do not want to emphasise that the action was completed. (see Infinitive or Ing-Form)<o:p></o:p>

feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch<o:p></o:p>

Example: Did you see him dancing?<o:p></o:p>

Furthermore, the present participle can be used to shorten or combine active clauses that have the same subject.<o:p></o:p>

Example: She left the house and whistled. – She left the house whistling.<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Present Participle<o:p></o:p>

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A) The Past Participle is used for all perfect forms of the verb: <o:p></o:p>

1 Present Perfect     I have taken<o:p></o:p>

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2 Past Perfect     I had taken<o:p></o:p>

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3 Future Perfect    I will have taken<o:p></o:p>

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4 Conditional Perfect or the 3rd Conditional      I would have taken<o:p></o:p>

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B) The Past Participle is used in the Passive with the verb 'To Be' in most aspects and tenses.<o:p></o:p>

NOTE:<o:p></o:p>

The Past Participle may also be used as an adjective.<o:p></o:p>

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The past participle is the participle that you find in the third column of lists with irregular verbs. You surely know this form:<o:p></o:p>

• from perfect tenses (z. B. Present Perfect Simple) – I have spoken.<o:p></o:p>
• from passive voice – The letter was written.<o:p></o:p>
• as an adjective form – I was bored to death.<o:p></o:p>
•  <o:p></o:p>

For irregular participle forms see third column of irregular verbs. Regular verbs form the past participle by adding ed, however, note the following exceptions in spelling:<o:p></o:p>

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The past participle can also be used to shorten or combine passive clauses that have the same subject.<o:p></o:p>

Example: The boy was given an apple. He stopped crying. – Given an apple, the boy stopped crying.<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Past Participle

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The perfect participle can be used to shorten or combine clauses that have the same subject if …<o:p></o:p>

• … one action (the one where the perfect participle is used) is completed before the next action starts. <o:p></o:p>

Example: She bought a bike and cycled home. – Having bought a bike, she cycled home.<o:p></o:p>

• … one action has been going on for a period of time when another action starts. <o:p></o:p>

Example: He had been living there for such a long time that he didn't want to move to another town. – Having lived there for such a long time, he didn't want to move to another town.<o:p></o:p>

The perfect participle can be used for active and passive voice.<o:p></o:p>

• active voice: having + past participle (Having cooked, he set the table.)<o:p></o:p>
• passive voice: having been + past participle (Having been cooked, the food looked delicious.)<o:p></o:p>

Exercises on Perfect Participle

Use of Participle Clauses

If a clause is shortened using a participle construction, the clause is called participle clause.<o:p></o:p>

Example: Watching TV, she forgot everything around her.<o:p></o:p>

In English, participle clauses are mainly used in writing in order to put a lot of information into one sentence.<o:p></o:p>

When shortening or combining clauses with a participle construction, keep the following rules in mind:<o:p></o:p>

• Both clauses should have the same subject.<o:p></o:p>
• The less important part becomes the participle clause. Important information should always be in the main clause.<o:p></o:p>
• Make sure, you use the correct participle form (see above).<o:p></o:p>
• The conjunctions as, because, since and relative pronouns who, which are left out.<o:p></o:p>
• The conjunctions before, when are used in the participle clause.<o:p></o:p>
• The conjunctions after, while can be used or left out.<o:p></o:p>

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Sometimes participle clauses can be used even if the clauses to be combined do not have the same subject. This is the case for example if the main clause contains one of the following verbs + object:<o:p></o:p>

feel, find, hear, listen to, notice, see, smell, watch<o:p></o:p>

Example: I heard him playing the guitar.<o:p></o:p>

Here, the participle clause must directly follow the object it is relating to. (Note: Some of the verbs mentioned here can also be used with the infinitive. For further information see Infinitive or Ing-Form)<o:p></o:p>

A participle construction is also possible, if both subjects are mentioned (often the word 'with' is put before the subject in the participle clause). This is very formal, however, and not often used.<o:p></o:p>

Example: Mrs Jones went to New York. Mr Smith took up her position.
→ (With) Mrs Jones going to New York, Mr Smith took up her position.<o:p></o:p>

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Apart from the exceptions mentioned above, participle clause and main clause should have the same subject. Otherwise the sentences might sound rather strange.<o:p></o:p>

Example: I was driving on the motorway, when the baby started to cry.
→ Falscher Partizipialsatz: Driving on the motorway, the baby started to cry.<o:p></o:p>

In this example you get the feeling that the baby has driven the car. So these participle clauses are considered wrong in standard English. In colloquial English, these 'incorrect participle clauses' are usually okay, and you can even find an example in Shakespeare's Hamlet:<o:p></o:p>

Now, Hamlet, hear. ’Tis given out that, sleeping in my orchard, a serpent stung me.<o:p></o:p>

As the text goes, it is said that Hamlet's father was bitten by a snake. Strictly speaking, however, the snake was asleep when it bit Hamlet's father. <o:p></o:p>

Exercises and Tests

• -Form of Present Participle Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Combine Sentences using the Present Participle Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Participles after certain Verbs Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>

• Form of Past Participle Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• have something done Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Combine Sentences using the Past Participle Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>

• Combine Sentences using the Perfect Participle Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Active or Passive Voice Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>

• Participles (Mix) Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Participles (Mix) Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Combine Sentences using Participle Constructions Level: intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Combine Sentences using Participle Constructions Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Combine Sentences using Participle Constructions (with Conjunctions) Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Replace Relative Clauses by Participle Constructions Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>
• Rewrite Sentences without using the Participle Constructions Level: upper intermediate <o:p></o:p>

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OTHER EXERCICES …<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-11985.php<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-4405.php<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-55498.php<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-28233.php<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-48239.php<o:p></o:p>

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http://www.anglaisfacile.com/exercices/exercice-anglais-2/exercice-anglais-4261.php<o:p></o:p>

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                       Gerund <o:p></o:p>

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A gerund is a verb ending in -ing and used as a noun. <o:p></o:p>

Sports are often referred to in gerund form. <o:p></o:p>

Examples: I like playing baseball. <o:p></o:p>

Doing the audit is duty, not pleasure. <o:p></o:p>

A gerund phrase is a noun phrase made up of a gerund plus any complements of the gerund plus any modifiers of either the complement or the gerund. <o:p></o:p>

In the first example, playing baseball is the gerund phrase (the gerund, playing plus its direct object baseball.) <o:p></o:p>

In the second example, the gerund phrase is doing the audit (the gerund doing, its direct object audit, and the, which modifies the direct object). <o:p></o:p>

• Gerund or Infinitive? (10)<o:p></o:p>
• Infinitives with or without 'to' (12)<o:p></o:p>
• Try to do & Try doing, etc (9)<o:p></o:p>
• Used to & Be/Get Used To (10)<o:p></o:p>
• Used to, get used to & be used to (10)<o:p></o:p>

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    TABLEAUX POUR RÉSUMER LA CONJUGAISON ANGLAISE

Voir taille réelle

Voir taille réelle

Voir taille réelle

Voir taille réelle

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